What Is COPD ?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung inflammatory disease that develops over a long period of time. This disease prevents airflow from the lungs due to blocked swelling and mucus or phlegm, so that sufferers difficult to breathe.
Most COPD people are middle-aged people and smokers. Patients with this disease have a risk for heart disease and lung cancer.
COPD Causes By Smoke
Smoking is still a major cause of COPD, including second-hand smoke. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2005, 5.4 million people died from cigarette consumption. Cigarette-related deaths are expected to increase to 8.3 million deaths per year by 2030 [3].
Smoking stimulates macrophages to release the neutrophil and elastase chemotactic fators that will cause tissue destruction. A study showed that pulmonary function impairment and pulmonary structural changes in patients who smoked had occurred long before clinical symptoms of COPD emerged.
COPD Causes By Environmental Factor
COPD can occur in patients who have never smoked. Environmental factors are suspected to be the cause but mechanisms are not known for sure. In countries with moderate to high income, smoking is a major cause of COPD, but in low-income countries exposure to air pollution is the cause. Risk factors originating from the environment include indoor pollution, outdoor pollution, chemicals and dust in the work environment, as well as recurrent lower respiratory tract infections at the age of the child.
Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) enzyme deficiency
AAT is an enzyme that serves to neutralize the effects of elastase neutrophils and protect the lung parenchyma from elastase effects. AAT deficiency is a predisposing factor in heat type Emphysema. Severe AAT deficiency will cause premature emphysema at a mean age of 53 years for non-smokers and 40 years in smokers.
In the early stages, COPD rarely shows any specific symptoms or signs. The symptoms of this disease only appear when there has been significant damage to the lungs, generally within years.
There are a number of symptoms of COPD that can occur and should be wary of:
2. MedScape. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). March 2017 [ Cited 2017 14 March]; Available from : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664
3. WHO. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). November 2016 [Cited 2017 15 March]; available from: http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung inflammatory disease that develops over a long period of time. This disease prevents airflow from the lungs due to blocked swelling and mucus or phlegm, so that sufferers difficult to breathe.
Most COPD people are middle-aged people and smokers. Patients with this disease have a risk for heart disease and lung cancer.
What Causes COPD?
The etiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is damage to the airway or damage to the pulmonary parenchyma. This damage can be caused by:COPD Causes By Smoke
Smoking is still a major cause of COPD, including second-hand smoke. World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2005, 5.4 million people died from cigarette consumption. Cigarette-related deaths are expected to increase to 8.3 million deaths per year by 2030 [3].
Smoking stimulates macrophages to release the neutrophil and elastase chemotactic fators that will cause tissue destruction. A study showed that pulmonary function impairment and pulmonary structural changes in patients who smoked had occurred long before clinical symptoms of COPD emerged.
COPD Causes By Environmental Factor
Alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) enzyme deficiency
AAT is an enzyme that serves to neutralize the effects of elastase neutrophils and protect the lung parenchyma from elastase effects. AAT deficiency is a predisposing factor in heat type Emphysema. Severe AAT deficiency will cause premature emphysema at a mean age of 53 years for non-smokers and 40 years in smokers.
Other COPD causes
Other things that can cause COPD are:- Hyperresponsive airway
- Intravenous drug use
- Immunodeficiency syndrome
- Vasculitis syndrome
In the early stages, COPD rarely shows any specific symptoms or signs. The symptoms of this disease only appear when there has been significant damage to the lungs, generally within years.
There are a number of symptoms of COPD that can occur and should be wary of:
- Cough with phlegm that does not heal with mucus color phlegm colored slightly yellow or green.
- Breathing is often short of breath, especially during physical activity.
- Wheezing or breathing congestion and rang.
- Limp.
- Weight loss.
- Chest pain.
- The legs, ankles, or legs become swollen.
- Lips or fingernails are blue.
Referensi
1. UpToDate. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Definition, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and staging. February 2017 [Cited 2017 14 March]; Available from: http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-definition-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-staging2. MedScape. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). March 2017 [ Cited 2017 14 March]; Available from : http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/297664
3. WHO. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). November 2016 [Cited 2017 15 March]; available from: http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/
Causes and Symptoms of COPD
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